Title 12 Lands, Inheritance and Probate

Chapter 12.01 Land Laws and Land Dispute Ordinance

12.01.010 Title

This chapter shall be known as the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Land Laws and Dispute Ordinance.

12.01.020 Authority and Purpose

(a) The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Council ("Tribal Council" or "Council") is the duly recognized governing body of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe ("Tribe") and is responsible for the health, safety, education and welfare of all members of the Tribe. The Tribe has the inherent authority to control the ownership of property and the issuance of use and occupancy deeds for property within the Tribe's Reservation. The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Tribal Clerk ("Tribal Clerk") has the authority to record title and land transfers that occur between members on the Reservation.

(b) This chapter is intended to set forth general rules for the issuance of deeds and the transfer of title and land interests on the Reservation. In addition, this chapter is intended to delegate to the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court ("Tribal Court" or "Court") the authority to resolve land disputes.

12.01.030 Definitions

(a) "Boundary line agreement" is a written agreement between adjacent landowners by which each landowner agrees to the written description of the location of the border that delineates each property-one from the other.

(b) "Certified Copy" is a copy of a document that has been certified by the Tribal Clerk as a true and accurate copy of the original document.

(c) "Child(ren)" / "grandchild(ren)" refers to a natural born or legally adopted child, or grandchild, as long as the child is a Tribal Member or eligible to become a Tribal Member.

(d) "Claimant" is the person who files a land dispute claim in Tribal Court.

(e) "Interested Party" is any Tribal Member who claims to have an interest in the outcome of the proceeding and who seeks to participate in a land dispute proceeding. "Interested party" does not include a Tribal member without a recognizable interest in resolution of the case. A Tribal Member seeking to participate as an interested party and who has an identifiable and known legal interest in the disputed property shall be treated as an Intervenor and will be bound by the Court's rulings.

(f) "Land Dispute" is a disagreement between Tribal Members over claims to title, boundary lines, issuance or validity of deeds, transactions, and any other matter regarding property interests on the Reservation. The issuance of a Use and Occupancy Deed by the Tribe and the Tribal Clerk, even if in error, does not create a land dispute involving the Tribe. Any claim that a deed has been issued in error is to be resolved as a land dispute between the parties claiming an interest in the property and, when resolved, could result in a court order to the Tribe to issue a new deed or to revise or revoke an existing deed.

(g) "Legal Guardian" is a parent or an individual legally appointed by a court of competent jurisdiction as the guardian of minor children.

(h) "Life estate" is a way of holding real property that is limited to the life of the party holding it and, upon whose death, the property reverts to another Tribal Member.

(i) "Recorded" refers to the filing or registration of documents or transactions with the Tribal Clerk's Office so as to memorialize the registration or transaction document in accordance with established procedures.

(j) "Respondent" is the person against whom a land dispute claim is filed. The Tribe, the Tribal Council, the Tribal Clerk, or any tribal official may not be named as a Respondent in a land dispute for the official act of issuing a deed. This limitation, however, is subject to the limited waiver of immunity in this chapter. The Tribe may be named as a Respondent if a deed is issued to the Tribe itself or if the Tribe is claiming an interest in any land subject to a claim.

(k) "Spouse" refers only to a legally married husband or wife. The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe does not recognize "common law" marriage.

(l) "Tribal Council" for purposes of this ordinance, refers to the three duly elected Chiefs of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe.

(m) "Tribal Member" for purposes of this ordinance, includes anyone who is enrolled with the Saint Regis MohawkTribe or eligible for enrollment with the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe.

12.01.040 Tribal Law, Customs and Practices

(a) Application of Customs and Practices. The customs and practices of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe shall be applied in all situations where it is relevant to resolve a land dispute.

(b) Order of Consideration. Written tribal laws will be considered first. If no written Tribal law applies to the circumstance raised in a dispute, the Tribe's customs and practices may be considered.

(c) Resolution of Ambiguity. Where any doubt arises as to past practices and customs, the Court, with the agreement of both parties, may request the advice of Tribal Members who may be familiar with the Tribe's customs and practices, or the Court may pose a certified question to the Tribal Council or the Tribal Clerk. If issues of doubt regarding past practices and customs are presented in Tribal Court, the matter must be resolved through normal tribal court procedure for witness and evidence collection.

(d) Acknowledgment. The Tribe acknowledges that Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs uses its own process to record property ownership of its members, which may be recognized by the Tribe as evidence of property ownership for the Tribe's land recording purposes or to resolve land disputes brought to the Tribe.

(e) Guiding Legal Principles. In order to resolve land disputes according to tribal customs and practices, this chapter will set forth the general legal principles that have governed land use and occupancy on the reservation.

(1) Power to Issue Deeds is Reserved. The power to make land assignments and to issue Use and Occupancy Deeds is vested in the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Council as the sovereign government with jurisdiction and authority over the Reservation. The Tribal Council and the Tribal Clerk issue deeds in their official capacity based on deeds, contracts and other agreements or documents such as wills.

(2) Resolution of Disputes. The Tribal Council shall exercise its discretion and judgment in issuing deeds and it may do so upon request of a Tribal Member with the presentation of proper documentation. It is recognized that a request to the Council to issue a deed may change the ownership of land in a way that may negatively affect a Tribal Member. The issuance of a deed by the Tribal Council and the Tribal Clerk does not constitute the resolution of a land dispute. If a Tribal Member disagrees with the recordation or issuance of a deed, the remedy is to file a land dispute claim in Tribal Court.

(3) Forms of Evidence of Land Ownership. The following documentation may be considered valid evidence of land ownership for all or a portion of land identified in a Use and Occupancy Deed:

(A) Official and Original or Certified Copy of a Use and Occupancy Deed issued and signed by the Tribal Council and recorded in the Tribal Clerk's records.

(B) Valid Land Contract.

(D) Valid Bill of Sale.

(E) Valid receipt for the purchase of property if accompanied by other evidence to substantiate a sale of property.

(F) Prior Tribal Council finding.

(G) Prior Tribal Court finding.

(H) Decisions from other Courts.

(I) Sworn written testimony.

(J) Sworn oral testimony.

(K) Any other relevant evidence.

(4) Limitation on Who May Use and Occupy Land.

(A) Only Tribal Members shall be permitted to possess a Use and Occupancy Deed on the Reservation. A corporation, limited liability corporation, or trust either testamentary or inter vivos shall not be permitted to possess a Use and Occupancy Deed on the Reservation even if such entity is formulated under Tribal law; provided however that wholly-owned Tribal entities or those created by the Tribe that are formed for the benefit of the Tribe may use and possess land as needed.

(B) In any case where a Tribal Member wants to transfer land to a minor Tribal Member, the land shall be held in trust by a legal guardian until the minor Tribal Member reaches the age of majority, which is eighteen (18) years old. When the minor Tribal Member reaches the age of majority the legal guardian's trust obligation shall no longer have any force or effect. The legal guardian shall have a fiduciary responsibility to the minor Tribal Member until the minor reaches the age of majority.

(5) Limitation on the Right to Transfer. Reservation land may not be sold to, held by, pledged, assigned, or in any way relinquished to a non-member of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe.

(6) Assumptions Regarding Land Ownership.

(A) When two or more Tribal Members are listed as owners of property and are granted the interest simultaneously, the owners shall be deemed joint tenants with rights of survivorship, unless expressly declared to be tenants in common. As joint tenants, the owners will own equal undivided shares. Upon the death of one of the tenants, that share will be distributed equally to the remaining tenants (survivorship). A joint tenant may transfer his/her share, but that transfer will automatically change the ownership between the transferring joint tenant and the non- transferring joint tenants to tenants in common. The transfer does not change the relationship between the non-transferring joint tenants.

(B) If a deed declares the property will be held as tenants in common, each owner will own the property in equal shares unless different portions are expressly stated in the deed and each owner is entitled to possess the whole. A tenant in common may sell his/her share to anyone. If a tenant dies, there is no right of survivorship with the other tenants and that share will pass through inheritance as provided for in the Probate Ordinance.

(C) A deed held by a husband and wife creates a tenancy by the entirety, unless expressly declared to be a joint tenancy or a tenancy in common. A tenancy in the entirety means that upon the death of one spouse, the property automatically passes to the surviving spouse and probate is not necessary.

(D) These assumptions shall apply to all deeds existing on the date the amendments to this chapter are adopted unless the Tribal Member/s request the deeds be amended to reflect the intention of the owners that may be different than the assumptions enacted here.

(7) Use and Occupancy Deed. A Use and Occupancy Deed is an official Tribal document granting the holder the right to use and occupy land at the will of the Tribe, signed by the Tribal Council and certified by the Tribal Clerk.

(A) All land assignments and deeds made or issued by the Council are presumptively valid. The deed recorded first with the Tribal Clerk of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe will supersede all other deeds, unless it can be shown that the deed recorded first is subject to challenge under subparagraph (b).

(B) A deed issued and/or recorded by the Tribal Clerk may only be challenged if (i) there has been a substantial error committed by the Tribal Council or Clerk in issuing the deed; (ii) there is evidence of fraud in the documents used to substantiate the issuance of the deed; or (iii) evidence of fraud, deceit, coercion or duress in the signing of documents or in the transfer made in the deed. The party challenging the deed has the burden of proof to show with clear and convincing evidence that a deed was not properly issued or recorded.

(C) The Tribal Council has the right to correct or amend deeds in order to correct language or typographical errors and these corrections may not be reviewed. The Tribal Council also has the right to correct clerical errors, including errors that may have resulted in a deed being issued in violation of a previously recorded valid deed. Tribal Council, however, shall provide written notice to all affected parties of the error and of its intent to make a correction.

(D) Correction of clerical errors may be challenged and shall be reviewed under the arbitrary and capricious standard, and a party may seek declaratory or injunctive relief.

(E) If a land claim dispute is filed, all actions by all parties in relation to the property in dispute shall be stayed pending review.

(F) All recorded deeds must bear the signature of the Tribal Council along with the signature and seal of the Tribal Clerk.

(G) Use and Occupancy Deeds may be transferred between Tribal Members either through a land contract, a bill of sale, by simple purchase, or as a gift between family members. In order to ensure the Tribe's land records are current and accurate and reflect the current ownership, upon the effective date of this chapter, all transfers of Use and Occupancy Deeds shall be recorded with the Tribal Clerk. The failure to record a transfer which took place prior to the effective date of this chapter is not a basis to declare a transfer invalid.

(H) Use and Occupancy Deeds may not be transferred to a non-member or non-Indian in any manner, and the Tribe reserves the right to declare invalid such a transfer.

(8) Land Contracts. A land contract is an agreement between a buyer and seller for the purchase of a right to use and occupy a parcel of land where the buyer makes installment payments to the seller for the eventual conveyance of the Tribal Use and Occupancy Deed or right to occupy the property. The following shall be considered in assessing the validity of a Land Contract:

(A) The agreement may be informal, but must be written.

(B) The agreement shall provide that a buyer will receive a deed to the property when all of the conditions of the contract have been satisfied.

(C) Each contract will differ, but many land contracts provide that the buyer may occupy and make improvements to the land, even though the complete right to use and occupy is not transferred until the land contract is fulfilled. Once executed, a land contract may be filed with the Tribal Clerk's office to provide notice to the community at large. If there are multiple land contracts the Tribal Court must have a hearing to determine which land contract takes precedence.

(D) Upon the effective date of this chapter, to validate the final conveyance of the right to use and occupy property and to ensure the Tribe's Land Records are accurate and current,

once a land contract is fulfilled, and if it was not previously recorded it shall be recorded with the Tribal Clerk and a Use and Occupancy Deed shall then be issued. The failure to record a contract that was fulfilled prior to the effective date of this chapter shall not be a basis to declare the contract invalid.

(E) If the buyer defaults under the terms of the contract, the seller may seek to evict the buyer through a claim in Tribal Court, if necessary, and may keep the installment payments and any improvements thereon, unless the buyer can demonstrate to the Court's satisfaction that to return the land with the improvement along with keeping monies paid would result in the seller's unjust enrichment. The Tribal Court must have a hearing to determine if the buyer is entitled to any compensation. The Tribal Court must state its findings in a written order.

(9) Bill of Sale. A Bill of Sale is a record of a purchase transaction between individuals for the exchange of their right to use and occupy a particular parcel of land and may stand as a deed conveying the right to use and occupy the property under tribal law. The following shall be considered in assessing a Bill of Sale:

(A) As of the effective date of this chapter, the Bill of Sale must be signed, witnessed or notarized and then recorded with the Tribal Clerk in order to be a valid transfer of the right to use and occupy property.

(B) In the past, Bills of Sale were not always recorded with the Tribal Clerk. In the event the Bill of Sale was not recorded, the Bill of Sale will be considered a binding document evincing an intent to transfer the right to use and occupy a property in the same manner as a deed, unless there is evidence expressly contrary to that intent.

(C) In the instance that there are two Bills of Sale for one particular property, the Bill of Sale dated first will supersede any and all other Bills of Sale unless it can be shown to be invalid. A Bill of Sale may only be deemed invalid by the Tribal Court if there is evidence of fraud, deceit, coercion or duress in the transfer made in the Bill of Sale or in the signing of the document. The party challenging the Bill of Sale has the burden of proof to show with clear and convincing evidence that a document is invalid.

(10) Survey of Tribal Lands.

(A) For those transfers of property where a survey is required, the parties may either provide the survey themselves, subject to the approval of the Tribal Clerk, or the Tribal Clerk may provide assistance in obtaining a survey. The Tribal Clerk shall set a fee schedule for the cost of a survey, to be approved by the Tribal Council. For those Tribal Members who cannot afford a survey, they can submit a request to Tribal Clerk or his/her designee for a fee waiver, subject to availability of resources. The Tribal Clerk shall determine, based upon established guidelines, who shall be eligible for such a waiver.

(B) Property transferred on the Reservation must be properly described with boundaries that are clearly delineated, measurable and not in dispute. As of the effective date of this chapter, a survey by a licensed surveyor is required for all parcels of land transferred on the Reservation unless:

(i) there is an existing survey of the subject parcel that is less than ten (10) years old; or

(ii) the parties and any affected adjacent landowners enter into a boundary line agreement that provides an accurate description of the property being transferred, and the parties agree in writing that a survey is not necessary and they agree to be bound to the property description; or

(iii) the transfer is a family transfer and does not change the existing boundaries of the property, unless the Tribal Clerk deems it necessary. If the Tribal Clerk deems a survey necessary none shall be required if the affected adjacent landowners enter into a boundary line agreement.

(i) If a parcel is not surveyed prior to a transfer and a dispute arises as to boundaries described within the transferring document, the parties to the transaction or adjacent landowners agree to be bound by an impartial survey by a third party, unless the transferring document is so ambiguous that the surveyor cannot complete the survey. In that instance, the Tribal Court shall be empowered to decide how the boundaries shall be surveyed, based on evidence presented in a Tribal Court proceeding.

(ii) In resolving boundary disputes, the Tribal Court may not rely on GIS or other data to determine property boundaries. The parties shall provide the Court with surveys performed by licensed surveyors to support any claims regarding boundary lines provided that, in the case of ambiguity in a deed and relying on common law principles in drawing property boundaries, the Court may issue instructions to resolve an ambiguity so that a proper survey may be performed. If neither party presents a survey to the Court in a boundary dispute or in a case involving property lines, the Court may order a survey and assess the cost to the party or parties in its discretion.

12.01.050 Land Dispute Claim Procedures

(a) Tribal Court Jurisdiction.

(1) The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court shall have jurisdiction over land disputes. The Tribal Court shall have the authority to award monetary damages and equitable relief, provided however, that the Tribal Council retains the sole authority to issue, revise, or rescind a Use and Occupancy Deed. The Tribal Council is bound by any Tribal Court Order regarding land disputes, and failure to obey such orders shall subject the Tribe, but not the individual Council Members acting in their official capacity, to equitable or injunctive relief, as necessary to enforce the Order.

(2) Tribal Court shall have jurisdiction over any land dispute that is commenced within six years of accrual of the injury or the date the party knew or should have known of the injury that serves as the basis of the claim. The Tribal Court has the discretion to waive the statute of limitations for good cause, such as where the party could not have known or was prevented from knowing of his or her injury.

(b) Capacity to File a Dispute. A land dispute may be filed by:

(1) Any enrolled Tribal Member;

(2) A non-member on behalf of his or her minor, mentally or physically handicapped and dependent child(ren) or family member, as long as the child(ren) or family member is/are Tribally-enrolled; or

(3) A non-member spouse who may seek a life estate after the death of his or her Member spouse.

(1) A Statement of the nature of the dispute, e.g. boundary line, title, ownership;

(2) Names of all other Interested Parties, including Claimant and Respondent and their connection to the dispute and the reason for each party's interest; and

(3) Copies of any relevant documents which may be required to address the dispute and which will inform the Court and the parties about the facts, including, but not limited to, Wills, Deeds, Use and Occupancy Deeds, Tribal Council Decisions, Surveys, Bills of Sale or any other relevant correspondence, or receipts.

(d) Public Notice.

(1) Within ten (10) days following the filing of the Claim, the Tribal Court Clerk shall publish a Notice which shall start the thirty-day (30) Public Notice Period. The Notice shall state:

PUBLIC NOTICE OF LAND DISPUTE

Any Person having any interest whatsoever or information pertaining to this matter shall have thirty (30) business days from the date of publication of this Notice to file opposing or related claims or to provide relevant information to the Court. Information and related claims should be filed no later than _________________, 20 _______.

(2) The Notice shall also contain the following information:

(A) Name and address of the Claimant;

(B) Name and address of Respondent;

(D) Claim file number;

(E) A brief description of the nature of the dispute.

(3) The Notice shall appear in at least one weekly Akwesasne community newspaper and on the Official Tribal Website at www.srmt-nsn.gov. The Public Notice shall be published for two consecutive weeks and shall also be displayed at the Tribal Community Building. The cost of the notice shall be born by the Claimant as provided for in the Court fee schedule.

(e) Confidentiality. Any material provided to the Court during this process also will be provided to all Interested Parties. However, any documentation that could be considered private or confidential, including but not limited to social security number, date of birth or other information used as identity, shall be segregated from the case file and may be viewed only by the Court, the Claimant, and the Respondent unless a release is signed by the affected party.

(f) Applicable Laws and Rules. All Tribal Laws, including those pertaining to procedures before the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court shall govern the land dispute claims filed in Tribal Court. If there is an apparent conflict of Laws, the Tribal Court shall seek to read the Laws in a way that they will work together. But, to the extent there is a conflict, this chapter shall take precedence in relation to land and land disputes.

(g) Review of Prior Tribal Council Land Dispute Decisions.

(1) As a matter of equity, the statute of limitations will be waived and the Tribal Court shall have the authority to review any land dispute decisions made by Tribal Council between December 1, 1998 and December 3, 2009 (the original Effective Date of the prior Land Dispute Ordinance). Such review shall be de novo. This authority shall expire on June 30, 2018.

(2) As of December 3, 2009, the Tribal Council no longer had authority to resolve land disputes. If, between December 4, 2009, and the date of the adoption of this chapter, the Tribal Council took action on a land dispute despite this bar, the party seeking to file a claim regarding such action must first establish that Tribal Council actually resolved a land dispute as defined herein before a claim may be brought. The Tribal Court shall have the discretion to waive the statute of limitations regarding a land dispute in such case, but in no instance, may the Tribal Council or Tribe be named as a party except as permitted under this chapter. Tribal Court shall not entertain cases where the Tribal Council simply executed a Use and Occupancy Deed.

(h) Review of Prior Land Tribunal Cases

(1) All cases filed with but not finally resolved by the Land Dispute Tribunal under the prior Ordinance shall be transferred to the Tribal Court to be heard under this chapter. No additional filing fee shall be required. The Court shall provide written notice to each party in each pending matter.

(2) All cases that were previously filed under the prior Ordinance with the Land Dispute Tribunal that resulted in final decisions from the Land Dispute Tribunal or for which appeals have been exhausted may not be filed in, nor reheard by, the Tribal Court.

(i) Appeals. All final decisions of the Tribal Court regarding land or land disputes shall be appealable to the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Appellate Court.

12.01.060 Sovereign Immunity Not Waived

The Tribal Council agrees to a limited waiver of its immunity solely for the Tribal Court to review any decisions the Tribal Council rendered on land disputes as defined in Section 12.01.030(f), to hear any claim in which the Tribe claims title or an ownership interest in property which is in dispute, or to hear a claim regarding the correction of a deed. The waiver shall apply to equitable remedies only. Otherwise, nothing in this chapter is intended nor shall be construed as any other waiver of the sovereign immunity of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe from suit in State, Federal or Tribal Court against the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, any Tribal entity, or any official acting in his or her official capacity.

12.01.070 Amendment

This chapter may be amended upon the approval of such amendments by the majority of Tribal Council and upon notice to the Tribal membership.

12.01.080 Repealer

This chapter shall supersede and replace all prior Ordinances, or portions thereof, adopted by the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, as they pertain to the matters contained herein.

12.01.090 Severability

The provisions of this chapter are severable and if any part or provision shall be held void by any Court of competent jurisdiction, the decision of the Court so holding shall not affect or impair any of the remaining parts or provisions of this chapter.

12.01.100 Effective Date

This Amended Ordinance shall become effective upon enactment.

Chapter 12.02 Probate Law

Subchapter 1 General

12.02.010 Purpose

The purpose of this chapter is (1) to provide a fair and equitable orderly distribution of estates; (2) clarify tribal law concerning estates; (3) promote a speedy and efficient system for administering estates; and (4) empower the application of Tribal Law including sovereignty, culture, customs and values of the Tribe. This chapter shall be liberally construed and applied.

12.02.020 Definitions

(a) "Administrator" means the person appointed by the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court to administer the estate of a person who dies without having executed a valid Last Will and Testament ("Will").

(b) "Affidavit" is a written, notarized statement, signed by the party making the statement and contains the following oath: "I hereby swear under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true to the best of my belief and knowledge."

(c) "Beneficiary" means any person entitled to take or share in the deceased's estate as provided for under this chapter. A "beneficiary by law" also known as an "heir" or "distributee" is one who is entitled to share in an estate because of a legal relationship with the deceased and usually when there is no Will. A "beneficiary by will" is one who may not necessarily have a legal relationship to the deceased but who is entitled to share in an estate because of the terms of a Will.

(d) "Deceased's Estate" or "Estate" means real property (land) and personal property (everything other than real property, e.g. moveable items for which a transfer of title is needed) which the deceased owned at the time of his or her death, including interests in property acquired during a marriage.

(e) "Executor" means the person designated in the deceased's Will to administer the deceased's estate or who is appointed by the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court to administer the estate.

(f) "Heir" means a person recognized as being entitled to share in an estate based on a relationship to the deceased, also known as a "beneficiary by law" in this chapter.

(g) "Probate" means the legal process under tribal law by which a deceased's estate is distributed and which includes: determining heirs and beneficiaries; determining the validity of a Will, if any; and determining whether there are valid claims against the estate. Probate will result in the issuance of a final order distributing the estate.

(h) "Real property" means all interests in land or in buildings or improvements permanently attached to land. Reservation land which is held by a tribal member through a use and occupancy deed issued by the Tribe or other written instrument is a "possessory interest" in real property, which means the person has a right to possess the land under tribal law. A possessory interest is real property under this chapter.

(i) "Reservation" means both the Saint Regis Mohawk Indian Tribe Reservation as established by the 1796 Treaty with the Seven Nations of Canada (7 Stat. 55) and any other lands over which the Tribe exercises jurisdiction now or in the future.

(j) "Tribal Clerk" means the elected official responsible for, among other things, administering tribal land records. See Tribal Clerk Act, TCR 2003-115 and any future amendments.

(k) "Tribal Court" means the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court.

(l) "Tribal Member" means an enrolled member of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe.

(m) "Tribe" means the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe.

(n) "Willmaker" is a person who makes a Will.

12.02.030 Jurisdiction

(a) Personal Jurisdiction. Tribal Court shall have personal jurisdiction to probate an estate when, at the time of death, (1) the deceased was either a Tribal Member or a person eligible for enrollment as a Tribal Member and the deceased resided or owned real or personal property located within the Reservation or (2) the non-member spouse of a Tribal Member who resided on and owned personal property located within the Reservation or (3) anyone who consents to the Tribal Court's jurisdiction.

(b) Subject Matter Jurisdiction.

(1) The Tribal Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to probate real property located within the Reservation.

(2) The Tribal Court shall have concurrent jurisdiction with any other judicial proceedings in which the deceased's estate is involved as permitted by federal law or other applicable law.

(c) Ancillary Probate/Administration. When at time of death a decedent resided in a foreign state or foreign county and he/she had a Will then his/her executor may file a petition for ancillary probate in Tribal Court when the decedent held real property on the Reservation or owned other personal property over which the Tribal Court would have jurisdiction; if there is no Will then his/her heir may file for ancillary administration in Tribal Court when the decedent held real property on the Reservation or owned other personal property over which the Tribal Court would have jurisdiction.

(d) Powers. The Tribal Court shall have authority to:

(1) appoint Administrators or Executors;

(2) determine heirs and beneficiaries;

(3) determine whether a Will is valid;

(4) carry out the requirements of this chapter; and

(5) issue any orders that may be consistent with and/or necessary to carry out the Court's authority.

(e) Control of Funeral Arrangements. Control of funeral arrangements and disposition of the remains of the deceased shall be based upon a decision of the family and the traditional customs of the Tribe.

(f) Distribution of Culturally Significant Items. Notwithstanding the provisions of this chapter relating to descent and distribution, the surviving spouse or other surviving next of kin may distribute any item of cultural or religious significance belonging to the deceased in accordance with the customs and traditions of the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe without having to wait for the resolution of an estate in Tribal Court, provided however, that if a Will or instructions were left by the deceased, such distribution shall be in accordance with those instructions. The Tribal Court may exercise jurisdiction over claims that those directions were not followed.

(g) Nation Practices. The Tribal Court acknowledges that the traditional Longhouses use their own process to distribute the property of deceased members. The Tribal Court may recognize evidence of a distribution from a 10 Day Feast and may hear from traditional Longhouse members regarding the 10 Day Feast.

12.02.040 Records and Certified Copies

(a) Record of Reservation Land Interests. The Tribal Clerk is required to keep a record of the transfer of land interests on the Reservation. The Tribal Court, therefore, shall serve upon the Tribal Clerk all orders or decisions, if any, relating to the identification of heirs and beneficiaries, and transfer or distribution of land on the Reservation for recording in the tribal land registry.

(b) Estate Files. Once an estate is closed, the Tribal Court shall retain all records related to the deceased's estate and facilitate access to these records upon request. If copies are requested, the Tribal Court may set a fee for the copying and certification of such records.

12.02.050 False Statements and Fraud

(a) Signatures. When a person signs and files any document with the Tribal Court, the Court will assume that the signature indicates the person swears to the truth of the filing or document as far as that person knows or is informed. The signature also indicates that person understands that penalties for perjury can be imposed if the document contains a deliberate falsehood.

(b) Fraudulent Conduct. If a person engages in fraudulent conduct during a probate proceeding, anyone harmed by that conduct may bring an action for damages or other remedies against the person carrying out the fraud and against anyone who has benefitted from the fraud whether innocent or not. A claim for fraud will be barred unless commenced within five years after the discovery of the fraud. This section does not apply to any fraud that may have been committed against a deceased during his/her lifetime and which may affect the distribution of the estate.

12.02.060 Fiduciary Duty

(a) Duty Defined. Any person appointed as Administrator or Executor has a fiduciary duty to uphold this chapter and follow the orders of the Tribal Court. As a fiduciary, the Administrator or Executor shall act honestly and in good faith, expeditiously and efficiently, and consistent with the best interests of the estate. It is assumed that all persons are capable of carrying out their fiduciary duties unless such person has been convicted of a Serious Crime. "Serious Crime" shall have the same meaning as the term is defined in the Tribal Ethics Ordinance.

(b) Liability. If the Administrator or Executor has improperly exercised his/her power concerning the estate or failed to carry out his/her fiduciary duty, the Administrator or Executor may be held liable for breach of trust. The Administrator or Executor cannot be held liable if the conduct at issue was authorized or if he/she followed the orders of the Tribal Court, even if those orders are later reversed.

12.02.070 Service

If no method of service is provided within this chapter then the Tribal Court Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service of pleadings shall apply.

Subchapter 2 Action Upon Death

12.02.080 General Guidelines for Estate Distribution and Small Estates

(a) Persons without a Will. The procedure in Subchapter 3 will apply for distribution of an estate without a Will.

(b) Persons with a Will. The procedure in Subchapter 4 will apply for distribution of an estate with a Will.

(1) Basis for Using Small Estate Process. If a person dies and leaves an estate whose value is less than $20,000.00 and which does not include any interests in real property, the estate may be settled with minimal Tribal Court involvement so long as all of the heirs and beneficiaries agree to small estate administration and have signed a written waiver of their right to contest the estate. This may also include probate of personal property that is discovered from an estate that was informally probated prior to the enactment of this chapter.

(2) Petition for Small Estate. For qualifying estates, an heir or the surviving spouse shall file an affidavit in Tribal Court which provides the following information:

(A) A death certificate, record or some evidence to establish deceased's status;

(B) the estimated value of the estate and the basis of that estimate;

(D) a family tree obtained from the Tribal Clerk;

(E) a written Will, if any;

(F) a list of known debts to be paid from the estate; and

(G) waiver from each heir and beneficiary consenting to the small estate administration.

(3) Contents of Affidavit. The affidavit shall include a request that the estate be settled informally without having to admit the estate to probate along with the written consent of all heirs to the procedure. The affidavit may set forth the proposed estate distribution.

(4) Requesting Party. If there is no surviving spouse, any of the deceased's next of kin or, if there is no next of kin, any suitable person whom the Tribal Court deems to have a sufficient interest may make the application.

(5) No Administrator. It shall not be necessary to appoint an Administrator if the value of the deceased's property appears to be less than $20,000.00 in value, there is no real property, no heir or beneficiary objects, and no one requests that one be appointed.

(6) Court Duty. Upon finding an estate qualifies for a small estate administration, the Tribal Court shall issue such orders and other documents as may be required for a small estate. It shall proceed as a small estate as long as no heir or beneficiary objects to it.

(d) Limited Administration. If a person dies and his/her heirs and/or beneficiaries need certain limited relief that cannot await full probate of the estate the Tribal Court may allow heirs, beneficiaries, creditors, the Tribe, or other interested party to obtain a special appointment with notice to heirs to address that limited purpose. Tribal Court shall develop a petition for such purpose, determine each case for a limited appointment in its discretion and shall set limits in its order of appointment. The order of appointment shall be recorded in the Tribal Clerk's office in the same manner as outlined in Section 12.02.140(b). If there is a subsequent estate that is probated, the limited administration and whatever action was taken shall be included in the decedent's inventory of assets. The Tribal Court's decision regarding a limited appointment is not considered a final decision for purposes of an appeal.

(e) Renouncing a Share of an Estate.

(1) Affidavit. A person who is an heir or a beneficiary by law or by Will may renounce in whole or in part the right to any estate property or interest. In order to renounce an interest or share of an estate, the person must file an affidavit with the Tribal Court not later than three (3) months after the deceased's death or the time at which it is determined that the person is entitled to take property.

(2) Court Action. The affidavit shall describe the property or interest being renounced and the extent of the renunciation. It shall be signed under oath by the person renouncing the interest. If the Court accepts the affidavit then, when applying the rules of inheritance, the Court shall treat the person renouncing the interest or share of the estate as having predeceased the deceased and the interest or share shall pass according to intestacy rules.

(f) Effect of Homicide on Beneficiaries.

(1) Heir. A surviving spouse, heir or beneficiary who is found to have criminally and intentionally killed the deceased is not entitled to any benefits passing under this chapter and the estate of the deceased shall pass as if the killer had predeceased the deceased.

(2) Right of Survivorship. Any person with a right of survivorship in personal or real property who criminally and intentionally kills a joint owner, joint tenant, or any other form of co-ownership has no rights by survivorship. This provision applies to joint tenancies in real and personal property, joint accounts in banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions and other institutions, and any other form of co-ownership with survivorship rights.

(3) Beneficiaries. A named beneficiary of a bond, life insurance policy or other contractual arrangement who criminally and intentionally kills the person upon whose life the policy is issued is not entitled to any benefit under the bond, policy or other contractual arrangement, and it becomes payable as though the killer had predeceased the deceased.

(4) Other. Any other acquisition of property or interest from an estate by the killer shall be treated in accordance with the principles of this section.

(5) Judgment. A final judgment of conviction of an offense containing the elements of criminal and intentional killing is conclusive for purposes of this section. In the absence of a conviction of criminal and intentional killing, the Tribal Court may determine by a preponderance of the evidence whether the killing was criminal and intentional for purposes of this section.

(g) Simultaneous Death.

In some cases, title to property or the transfer of property depends upon an individual surviving the death of another person. An individual shall be deemed to have survived the other person if it is established by clear and convincing evidence that the individual survived the other person by 120 hours. If it cannot be established by clear and convincing evidence that the individual survived the deceased by 120 hours, then that individual is deemed to have been predeceased.

12.02.090 Evidence as to Death

In order to distribute an estate, the death of the estate owner must be proved as part of any proceeding. The Tribal Court may accept the following evidence to confirm proof of death:

(a) Death Certificate. A certified or authenticated copy of a death certificate issued by an official or agency with the authority to issue a death certificate at the place where the death purportedly occurred is proof of the fact, place, date and time of death and the identity of the deceased.

(b) Record. A certified or authenticated copy of any record or report of a governmental agency, domestic or foreign, that a person is missing, detained, dead or alive, is proof of the status and of the dates, circumstances and places disclosed by the record or report.

(c) Other Evidence. The person seeking to establish the death has the burden of producing the required documentation. The Court shall accept a Funeral Director's Certificate of Death. The Court may also, in its discretion, consider other evidence including an affidavit of next of kin of the deceased which sets forth the date and circumstances of the death, any supporting documentation, and the reason no government records are available.

(d) Absence. A person who is absent for a continuous period of five (5) years, during which he/she has not been heard from, and whose absence is not satisfactorily explained after diligent search or inquiry is presumed to be dead. His/her death is presumed to have occurred at the end of the period unless there is sufficient evidence for determining that death occurred earlier.

Subchapter 3 Distribution of an Estate without a Will (Intestate)

12.02.100 Petition for Court Action

(a) Initiation of Process by Petition. When a Tribal Member or non-member spouse of a Tribal Member dies without a Will and leaves an estate which falls under the jurisdiction of the Tribal Court, any Tribal Member who is an heir of the deceased may file a petition for probate of the estate. In a probate proceeding, the Tribal Court shall identify the heirs or beneficiaries by law and determine whether there are valid claims against the estate. Probate will then result in the issuance of a final order distributing the deceased's assets.

(b) Petition Requirements. The petition shall meet the following requirements:

(1) Contents. The petition will be in writing, signed by the petitioner, and include a death certificate or some other proof of death as set forth in Section 12.02.090.

(2) Proof of Court Authority. The petition must provide information establishing the deceased was:

(A) a Tribal Member who resided on the Reservation or owned real or personal property on the Reservation;

(B) a non-member spouse who resided on the Reservation and owned personal property on the Reservation; or

(3) Identification of Heirs. The petition must state the names of the heirs of the deceased, if known, and include a Family Tree as certified by the Tribal Clerk.

12.02.110 Estate Distribution Principles for an Estate Without a Will

(a) Court Order. In determining the heirs of an estate, the Tribal Court shall rely upon the information provided in the petition and the Family Tree and shall issue an order identifying those persons entitled under tribal law to share in the estate according to the principles set forth in this Ordinance.

(b) Order of Inheritance. When a Tribal Member dies without leaving a Will, the following order of inheritance shall apply:

(1) Surviving Spouse. A surviving Tribal Member spouse shall inherit the real property interest in Reservation land and all other property owned by the deceased spouse. A non- member spouse may only inherit a life estate in real property as provided for in Section 12.02.240 below but may inherit all of a deceased Member's personal property. A person who is divorced from the deceased or whose marriage to the deceased has been officially annulled is not considered a surviving spouse unless, by virtue of a subsequent marriage, he/she is married to the deceased at the time of death. A decree of separation, which does not terminate the status of husband and wife, is not a divorce for purposes of this chapter.

(2) Children. If there is no surviving Tribal Member spouse, the surviving Tribal Member children shall each receive equal shares in the real property of the estate. All children shall share in the personal property of the estate.

(3) Grandchildren. If there is no surviving Tribal Member spouse or surviving Tribal Member children of the deceased, surviving Tribal Member grandchildren shall each receive equal shares of the real property and all grandchildren shall share in the personal property of the estate.

(4) Minors. In any case where minor Tribal Members may be entitled to an interest in real property, the land shall be held in trust by a legal guardian until they reach the age of majority, which is eighteen (18) years old. In any case where minors may be entitled to an interest in personal property that is sold the proceeds of the sale shall be held in trust until they reach the age of majority.

(5) Parents. If there is no surviving spouse or descendants, the surviving Tribal Member parent(s) of the deceased shall each receive equal shares of the real property and any parent(s) shall share in personal property of the estate.

(6) Siblings. In the event that a deceased Tribal member has no surviving Tribal Member spouse, children, grandchildren, or parents, the surviving Tribal Member's brothers and sisters shall each receive equal interests in the real property and shall share in the personal property of the estate.

(7) Nieces/Nephew. In the event that a deceased Tribal Member has no surviving Tribal Member spouse, children, grandchildren, parents or siblings, the surviving children of the deceased Tribal Member's siblings, if any, shall each receive an equal interest in the real property and shall share in the personal property of the estate.

(8) Aunts/Uncles. In the event that a deceased Tribal Member has no surviving Tribal Member spouse, children, grandchildren, parents, siblings or nieces and nephews then the surviving brothers and sisters of the parents of the deceased Tribal Member (aunts and uncles) shall each receive an equal interest in the real property and shall share in the personal property of the estate.

(9) Divorce. The divorce of a husband and wife does not affect the right of their children to inherit from a deceased parent's property.

(10) No Beneficiary. If there is no qualified beneficiary as outlined above, the estate shall pass to the Tribe.

(c) Agreement on Plan for Distribution. If all of the heirs agree in writing on a plan for distribution different than set out in this Ordinance, the plan may be presented to the Tribal Court for approval and the Court shall exercises its discretion in whether to approve the plan based on fairness and equity. If the heirs have not agreed to a plan, the Tribal court shall apply the rules under tribal law for ownership and distribution to the heirs. If Tribal Members and non-members are to share in an estate that includes Tribal Land, because the Tribal Land cannot be distributed to the non-member, the Tribal Court shall determine the extent to which the value of a Tribal Member's share of land should be counted towards the overall distribution of the estate. Tribal Court shall make such a determination in writing.

12.02.120 Determination of Relationship of Parent and Child

When necessary in the case of a person dying without a Will the relationship of parent and child shall be governed by the following principles:

(a) Posthumous Birth. A person conceived before the deceased's death but born thereafter shall inherit as if he/she had been born in the lifetime of the deceased.

(b) Adopted Person. A person who is legally adopted in a court of competent jurisdiction is treated as the natural child of an adopting parent.

(1) Maternal. A non-marital child is the child of his/her mother so that he/she inherits from both mother and maternal relatives.

(2) Paternal. A non-marital child is the child of his/her father so that he/she inherits from his/her father and paternal relatives if:

(A) during the lifetime of the father a court of competent jurisdiction has issued a paternity order; or

(B) the father of the child has signed a document acknowledging paternity. The document must have been signed in the presence of one or more witnesses and before a notary public or other officer and must have been filed within 60 days of signature with the putative father registry established under tribal or state law; or

(C) after a court hearing, paternity can be established by clear and convincing evidence, which may include, but is not limited to: (i) evidence derived from a genetic marker test, or (ii) evidence that the father openly and notoriously acknowledged the child as his own, or (iii) other documentary evidence, including but not limited to, a birth certificate.

(3) Agreement of Support. The existence of an agreement obligating the father to support the non-marital child does not mean the child is qualified to inherit from the father.

(4) Non-Marital Child Inheritance. If a non-marital child dies, his/her relatives succeed to an inheritance as if the deceased was a marital child, provided that the father and the paternal relatives may inherit only if the paternity of the non-marital child can be established and if there is an Order of Support that the father have no arrears.

(d) Other Children. Stepchildren and foster children and their descendants do not inherit unless adopted as recognized by Tribal Court or any other court of competent jurisdiction.

12.02.130 Appointment of Administrator

(a) General. In all cases other than Small Estates, the Tribal Court shall appoint an Administrator.

(b) Request for Appointment. A person seeking appointment as the Administrator must file an application with the Tribal Court along with a filing fee to be determined by the Tribal Court. The application shall set forth the petitioner's relationship to the deceased and the applicant's tribal enrollment status. The applicant must also provide written consents, if any, from each heir to his/her appointment as Administrator. The Application, Family Tree and Consent Forms shall all be promulgated by the Court and may be amended from time to time.

(c) Who May Be Appointed. Any Tribal Member may apply to be appointed as administrator. The following persons, if legally competent, shall be appointed in this priority order: the surviving spouse; any child of the deceased who is over eighteen (18) years of age; any other blood relative in order of their closeness of relationship; or any other adult Tribal Member. In the rare circumstance where there is no enrolled Tribal Member able to assume the responsibility of Administrator, the Tribal Court may appoint a qualified third party, who may be a non-member who shall consent to the jurisdiction of Tribal Court.

(d) Executor Acting as Administrator. When a Will does not dispose of all the deceased's property, that omitted property shall pass according to the provisions of this subchapter and the Executor appointed in the Will may act as the Administrator to distribute the property with the rest of the estate.

(e) Hearing. If all heirs have consented to the applicant serving as Administrator, the Tribal Court shall grant the application without a hearing. If all of the heirs do not consent, then the Tribal Court shall schedule a hearing within thirty (30) days of the application being filed. The Tribal Court shall serve all of the heirs with notice of the hearing. At the hearing, Tribal Court shall determine who should be appointed Administrator based upon a preponderance of the evidence and the estate's best interest.

(f) Bond. If the value of the estate warrants it, the Tribal Court has the discretion to require that the Administrator file a bond in an amount to be set by the Tribal Court to insure his/her faithful, honest performance of his/her duties as Administrator. No bond shall be required of an Administrator who is the spouse or child of a deceased, unless evidence suggests it is necessary or desirable.

(g) Oath. Upon appointment as Administrator, the person appointed shall take an oath prepared by the Tribal Court, to faithfully and honestly administer the estate. The oath may be taken in person at the Tribal Court or may be done in writing on a form prepared by the Tribal Court and which shall require that the Administrator's signature be notarized.

12.02.140 Order of Appointment as Administrator

(a) Order. Once the Administrator takes the oath, the Tribal Court shall issue an Order of Appointment to the Administrator as proof of the appointment. Within seven (7) days, the Administrator shall provide a copy of the Order to the Tribal Clerk to be recorded either by delivering it in person or by certified mail.

(b) Record of Order. The Tribal Clerk shall record the Order of Appointment as Administrator in the Tribal Recording Book, including a copy of the Order in the records. The Tribal Clerk shall note the Tribal Recording book number and page number on a copy of the Order and return it to the Administrator for his/her records.

12.02.150 Administrator Duties and Procedures

(a) Preliminary expenses.

The Administrator is required to pay for funeral expenses and any outstanding medical bills using the property of the estate, if available. The Administrator is not required to pay any expenses out of pocket.

(b) Inventory.

(1) List of Assets. The Administrator is required to take an inventory of all property and assets of the deceased. Assets may or may not include family heirlooms or items of sentimental value. This inventory shall be filed with Tribal Court within thirty (30) days after his/her appointment. The inventory should include an estimated value of all property and assets of the deceased. If an asset is of significant value, such as real property, an appraisal is recommended. The inventory should also indicate those items intended to be sold for the payment of debts or other estate requirements, if any. The Administrator shall provide a copy of this inventory to all persons with a known interest in the estate at the same time it is filed with the Court.

(2) Advances. Property given to an heir during the deceased's lifetime shall not be treated as an advance against the heir's share of the estate unless the advance was declared in writing by the deceased or the heir at the time of the advance. Known advances should be listed in the inventory.

(3) Objection to Inventory. Within thirty (30) days of the receipt of the inventory, any person with an interest in the estate may file an objection to the inventory or to the sale of any item in the inventory.

(4) Hearing and Court Review. If objections to the inventory are filed, the Tribal Court shall schedule a hearing to be held within thirty (30) days. The Tribal Court shall notify all interested parties of the hearing. Upon consideration of the objections, the Tribal Court may order an amendment to the inventory or appraisal, or issue an order regarding the sale of property, as it deems just and proper to carry out the terms of the estate.

(1) Identification. The Administrator is required to identify all creditors of the estate. To do so, the Administrator shall search the deceased's records for bills, notices, loan papers, and other documentation that suggests the deceased may have outstanding debts. The Administrator has the duty to contact all known creditors to determine amounts owed and the process for addressing bills and other debts. The Administrator shall also publish a public notice within thirty (30) days of appointment stating that all other creditors must present their claims to the Administrator and that only the claims presented may be considered for payment by the estate. The notice shall give the creditors thirty (30) days to respond and will clearly state the final date for claims to be presented. Unless there is a waiver or modification approved by the Court, the notice shall be posted on the Tribe's website, and published for three consecutive weeks in a publication of general distribution on the Reservation and if deemed necessary in the nearby towns of Massena and Malone.

(2) Documentation. For those debts identified by the Administrator from the estate records, the Administrator shall prepare a list of the amounts owed and any necessary forms or documentation needed to resolve the debts and close accounts. Any other claims submitted by a creditor shall be presented in an affidavit and shall include documentation, such as writings or witness statements, as necessary for the Administrator and the Tribal Court to determine if the claim is valid. The creditor shall state under oath that its claim is justly due, that to the extent payments were made by the deceased they have been credited, and that it knows of no offsets against the claim. If a creditor fails to present a claim within the time period allowed, the creditor may request Tribal Court in its discretion allow it to file the claim directly with the Tribal Court at the same time the Administrator presents the creditors' claims under subsection (4) below. Such requests shall not be unreasonably denied.

(3) Administrator Review. Once the Administrator collects the creditors' claims, the Administrator shall review them and shall notify the creditors as to whether they are accepted or rejected and explain the reasons for the decision. The Administrator is required to make a decision and provide notice within thirty (30) days of presentation of the claim.

(4) Court Review.

(A) The Administrator shall notify the Tribal Court as to whether any creditor claims have been presented.

(B) If there are claims, the Administrator shall provide the Tribal Court with a list of claims with supporting documentation explaining whether the claim has been accepted or rejected. The Administrator must present this information to the Court no later than forty-five (45) days after the creditor claim period has closed.

(C) Rejected creditors have ten (10) days to respond to the list filed with the Court. If after ten (10) days, no objections are filed, the Court may approve the list and the Administrator may pay the approved claims. If a rejected creditor files an objection, the Tribal Court shall determine the validity of the claim and the objection, relying on the affidavit or personal testimony of the claimant. If an objection is filed, the Administrator may pay creditors only after the Tribal Court issues an order regarding the validity of the claims. At no time, shall the Tribal Court permit the sale of Tribal Land to satisfy an estate's debts except if the claimant can show that the deceased expected his/her land to be sold to satisfy the outstanding debt.

(5) Timing

In sum, the time frame for Administrators as set forth in this chapter is as follows:

(A) Inventory.

Within thirty (30) days after appointment, the Administrator will present an estate inventory to the Tribal Court.
Objections to the inventory are to be filed with the Tribal Court no later than thirty (30) days thereafter.
If objections are filed, the Tribal Court must hold a hearing within thirty (30) days.

(B) Creditor's Claims.

Within thirty (30) days after appointment, the Administrator must publish a public notice asking for creditors to bring forth their claims.
A Creditor will have thirty (30) days from the date of the last public notice to file a claim with the Administrator.
The Administrator will have thirty (30) days from the filing of the claim to decide whether to recognize the creditor's claim.
If claims are filed or debts are identified, the Administrator must file a list of claims with the Tribal Court within forty-five (45) days after the claim period closes.
Rejected creditors have ten (10) days to file with the Tribal Court documentation explaining why they should be paid.

(d) Distribution of Estate.

The Administrator is responsible for distributing the estate once heirs are identified and the creditors, if any, have been identified.

(1) Creditors. All verified claims of creditors allowed by the Tribal Court and identified debts shall be paid before distribution of the estate to the heirs.

(2) Accounting. Before distributing the estate to the heirs, the Administrator must provide the Tribal Court with an accounting of the estate assets for approval. The accounting will show all disbursements made for expenses and creditors, and shall include receipts. The accounting will also show the computation of any attorney's and/or Administrator's fees for which approval is sought. The accounting will set out the remaining estate to be distributed and contain a statement that the estate is ready to be distributed to the heirs. The accounting may include a signed consent form from each heir to the proposed distribution from the estate.

(3) Advances. When distributing property among the heirs, any property that was advanced is valued at the time the heir came into possession of the property.

(4) Administrator Fee. If an Administrator requests a fee, the Tribal Court shall establish the percentage for compensation on a case by case basis, but in no event shall the percentage be more than five (5%) percent of the total value of the gross estate.

(e) Order Approving Distribution and Closing of Estate.

(1) Order of Distribution. When the Tribal Court is satisfied that an estate is ready to be distributed and the Administrator has set out the plan for distribution in the accounting, the Tribal Court shall issue an order approving the distribution.

(2) Closing of Estate. Once the estate is distributed, the Administrator shall file a statement with the Tribal Court stating that the estate is fully administered and ready to be closed, with receipts showing that the estate is fully distributed. Upon receipt of this statement, the estate shall be closed, the Administrator of the estate shall be dismissed, and if applicable, his/her bond shall be released.

(f) Reopening an Estate. An estate may be reopened in the following circumstances:

(1) Discovery of Will. If an estate has passed through probate on the assumption that a Will does not exist, but a Will is later discovered, the estate may be reopened so long as the petition to reopen is filed within sixty (60) days of discovery of the Will. An estate may only be reopened within two years of the final order closing the estate and only in extraordinary circumstances. In no instance may property be re-claimed by a newly identified heir if the property has been sold or transferred to a third party (bona fide purchaser).

(2) Discovery of Property. If property is discovered after an estate has been closed, the estate may be reopened to dispose of the property. The Tribal Court shall order distribution of the property to the person or persons entitled thereto after issuing whatever orders are necessary to assure a just participation of the after-discovered property in the expenses of the estate.

Subchapter 4 Distribution of Estates Subject to a Will (Testate)

12.02.160 Requirements for a Valid Will

(a) Applicable Law. A written Will may be declared valid if it was executed in compliance with this chapter; or the law in force at the place and time the Will was executed; or the law in force at the time of execution or at the time of death, at the place where the person making the Will was domiciled or had a place of abode.

(b) Qualification to Make a Will.

Any person eighteen (18) or more years of age who is of sound mind may make a Will. To be effective, a Will must be declared valid by the process provided for in this chapter.

(1) Will in Writing. Every Will shall be in writing and the document shall declare that it is the last Will of the person making the Will.

(2) Signature. Every Will must be signed by the person making the will along with two witnesses. If the person making the Will is unable to sign, some other person may be designated to sign the Will on the Willmaker's behalf so long as the signature takes place in the presence and by the direction of the person making the Will and in the presence of two witnesses.

(3) Witnesses. At least two people must attest to the signature on the Will. Each witness shall attest that he/she witnessed the Willmaker sign the Will or witnessed the Willmaker acknowledge the signature placed on the Will at his/her direction.

(d) Who May Witness a Will.

(1) Qualification. Any person who would be found competent to testify as a witness in Court to the facts relating to the signature on the Will may act as a witness.

(2) Interested Party. A Will or any provision thereof is not invalid because the Will is signed by a party with an interest in the Will, so long as the Will is also signed by two other disinterested witnesses. An "Interested Witness" means any of the following: (A) an heir; (B) a beneficiary; (C) a person named as Executor; or (D) a person named as Executor in the Will of the deceased.

(e) Self-Proved Will.

(1) Self-Proved Will Generally. In order to be declared valid in court, the Will's beneficiaries will be required to bring forth evidence of the validity of the Will. Each witness must attest that in the presence of each other and the Willmaker he/she witnessed: (1) the Willmaker was of full age, sound mind and memory; (2) Willmaker declared it to be his Last Will and Testament and (3) it was signed voluntarily. To simplify the process of proving a Will, the person making the Will may self-prove it at the time of execution or at a later time by signing an Acknowledgement of the Will statement.

(2) Acknowledgement Form. The acknowledgement must be attached to the Will in form and content substantially as follows, shall be signed by the person making the Will and the witnesses, and then shall be notarized.

Akwesasne Territory

Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Reservation

State of New York

Acknowledgement of Signature on Will

We, _____________________, _____________________, the witnesses to the Will, and, being first duly sworn, do hereby declare to the undersigned authority that [name of person making Will] signed, declared and executed the document as his/her last Will and that he/she signed willingly or directed another to sign for him, and that he/she executed it as his/her free and voluntary act for the purposes therein expressed; and that each of the witnesses, in the presence and hearing of [name of the person making the Will], signed the Will as witness and that to the best of his/her knowledge [name of the person making the Will], was at the time eighteen (18) or more years of age, of sound mind and under no constraint or undue influence.

____________________________________

Witness

____________________________________

Witness

The aforesaid subscribing witnesses further state that this Acknowledgement was executed at the request of [WILLMAKER'S NAME], and that at the time of execution of this Acknowledgement, the original Will was exhibited to them and they identified it as such Will by their signature appearing as subscribing witnesses.

Subscribed, sworn to and acknowledged before me by ____________________ and _________________, the witnesses to the Will, this _______ day of _____________________, 20_____.

Signed

_______________________________________

Notary Public

(f) Non-conforming Wills.

Wills made prior to the adoption of this Ordinance and not in conformity with these requirements may be considered valid unless the Tribal Court determines, based on information provided by witnesses, that the Will is not entitled to be recognized due to fraud or some other infirmity that makes the will suspect or does not meet common law requirements for a will.

(g) Conveyances to Non-members are void.

Will provisions which bequeath real property to a non-member are void as to those provisions, and the subject real property shall pass in accordance with the intestate provisions of this Ordinance, but other personal property may pass as bequeathed.

12.02.170 Rules for Interpreting a Will

(a) Incorporation by Reference. Any writing in existence when a Will is signed may be incorporated by reference if the Will indicates that the writing should be incorporated and it describes the writing sufficiently to permit its identification.

(b) Rules of Construction and Intention. The intention of a person making a Will as expressed in his/her Will controls the distribution of the estate. The rules of construction set forth in this chapter do not apply if they are contrary to the intention of the Will.

(c) Will Passes All Property. A Will must be interpreted to pass all property of the estate, including property acquired after the execution of the Will.

(d) Devises or Gifts and the Residual.

(1) Residue Definition. The "residue" of an estate is what remains after fees and expenses are paid and specific devises, or devises of assets or cash are made. This part of the estate is also call the "residual."

(2) Specific Devise. Wills may provide for specific shares of real or personal property to specific beneficiaries. This is known as a specific devise. If a specific devise cannot be carried out for any reason, such as the beneficiary has predeceased the person making the Will, whatever was devised becomes a part of the residue of the estate.

(3) Division of Residue. If the person making the Will provides that the residue of the estate passes to two or more persons and one of the shares cannot be passed to that person, his/her share will pass to the other beneficiaries of the residue in proportion to their interests.

(e) Property Given During Lifetime.

(1) Generally. If a beneficiary is given a gift of property by the person making the Will during the Willmaker's lifetime, that property will be not be treated as satisfaction of a devise or gift under the Will except as provided for in subsection (2) below.

(2) Treatment as Devise. The gift may be treated as part of the beneficiary's inheritance if (A) the Will provides for the deduction of the gift, (B) the person making the Will declares in a separate writing at the time of the gift that it is in satisfaction of a devise, or (C) the beneficiary acknowledges in writing that the gift is in satisfaction of a devise.

(3) Valuation. If the property is determined to be a devise as set forth in subparagraph (e)(2) above then such property given during the lifetime of the Willmaker shall be valued at the date the beneficiary came into possession or enjoyment of the property.

(f) Children Left Out of a Will. If a Willmaker mistakenly leaves a child out of his/her Will, or fails to provide for any children born or adopted after the Will is signed, the child who has been left out shall receive a share in the estate equal in value to that which he would have received had the person died without a Will. In satisfying a share provided for in this section, the other devises made by the Will shall be reduced according to the rules governing the distribution of an estate in Section 12.02.230(d). A child who is excluded, however, shall not receive a share if it appears from the Will that the child was left out intentionally or the person making the Will expressed the intention to and did provide for the child outside of the Will. The burden of proof shall be by a preponderance of the evidence and it shall be on the excluded child seeking a share of the estate.

(g) Spouse Left Out of a Will.

(1) If a Will fails to provide for a surviving spouse, that spouse would not receive a share if it appears from the Will that the spouse was left out intentionally or the person making the Will otherwise expressed the intention to provide for, and did provide for, the surviving spouse outside of the Will.

(2) If a Will fails to provide for a surviving spouse who married the person making the Will after the Will was signed, the spouse shall receive the same share of the estate the spouse would have received if the deceased left no Will. In satisfying a share provided for in this section, the other devises made by the Will shall be reduced according to the rules governing the distribution of an estate in Section 12.02.230(d).

(3) The burden of proof in either case shall be by a preponderance of the evidence and the burden shall be on the excluded spouse seeking a share in the estate.

12.02.180 Rules Applicable to the Revocation of a Will

(a) Revocation Generally.

(1) Later Will or Supplement. A Will or any part thereof may be revoked by a second (or later) valid Will, or a supplemental document (codicil) which has been signed and witnessed and is attached to a Will. In order for the prior Will to be revoked, the second Will (or later) or supplemental document must expressly state it is revoking a prior Will or the terms of the subsequent will or supplemental document are clearly inconsistent. In that case, the later Will or document takes precedence.

(2) Destruction. A Will or any part thereof may be revoked by destroying, canceling, or obliterating the Will with the intent and for the purpose of revoking it. If unable to carry out the action, a person making a Will may direct any other person in his/her presence to destroy, cancel or obliterate the Will.

(3) Revival. Once a Will is revoked, it cannot be revived unless, upon revocation of a second or later Will, the person making the Will declares his/her intention to revive the first Will or the circumstances clearly show the intention to revive it.

(b) Revocation and Divorce or Separation.

(1) Divorce. If, after executing a Will, the person making the Will is divorced or the marriage is annulled, the divorce or annulment revokes any transfer of property made by the Will to the former spouse and that property will be distributed as if the spouse predeceased the person making the Will. Unless the Will expressly states otherwise, any provision naming the former spouse as Executor, trustee, conservator, or guardian is also revoked. If the person making the Will and the former spouse remarry, then, absent a preponderance of evidence of an intention to the contrary, the Will shall no longer be considered revoked by this section.

(2) Separation. A decree of separation, which does not terminate the status of husband and wife, is not a divorce for purposes of this section. No other change of marital circumstances revokes a Will.

12.02.190 Initiating Process for Probate or Court Validation of a Will

(a) Petition for Probate. The custodian of the Will or any other person in possession of the Will, including a person named as Executor, may petition the Tribal Court for the Will to be probated under tribal law. In a probate proceeding, Tribal Court shall determine the heirs and beneficiaries; determine the validity of a Will; and determine whether there are valid claims against the estate. Probate shall result in the issuance of an order distributing the estate's assets and resolving claims against the estate.

(b) Petition Requirements. The petition shall meet the following requirements:

(1) Contents. The petition will be in writing, be signed by the petitioner, and include a death certificate or some other proof of death as set forth in Section 12.02.090 and the original Will.

(2) Proof of Court Authority. The petition shall provide evidence to support a finding that the deceased was (A) either a Tribal Member or a person eligible for enrollment as a Tribal Member and resided or owned real or personal property located within the Reservation or (B) a non-member spouse of a Tribal Member who owned personal property located within the Reservation. If the deceased is a non-member spouse, the evidence must show that the spouse resided on the Reservation or otherwise consented to the Tribal Court's jurisdiction.

(3) Identification of Heirs. The petition must state the names of the heirs of the deceased, if known, and include a Family Tree as certified by the Tribal Clerk.

(4) Identification of Beneficiaries. The petition must state the name or names of any person specified in the Will as Executor or beneficiary and the address of such persons, if known.

(5) Consent Forms. The petition may include written consent from each beneficiary to the appointment of the named Executor, if any, and the validity of the Will. If a beneficiary fails to consent to the appointment of the named Executor and the validity of the Will then notice of the filing of the petition along with a copy of the Will must be served upon that beneficiary.

(1) Self-Proving. If a Will is self-proving as provided for in Section 12.02.160(e), the person filing the petition need not file any separate evidence from the witnesses to the Will.

(2) Witness Statements. If the Will is not self-proving, the person filing the petition must include a notarized statement of at least one of the witnesses to the signing of the Will. In the statement, the witness must identify the Will as the document the deceased signed and declared to be his or her last Will. The witness and petitioner will also include a statement as to the deceased's capacity to sign a valid Will and if relevant, the circumstances surrounding the making of the Will.

(3) Other Proof. Every reasonable effort shall be made to obtain the testimony of the witnesses to the Will. If their testimony is not reasonably available, the petitioner must say so in the petition. The Tribal Court may allow proof of the Will by testimony or other evidence that the signature of the person making the Will is genuine.

12.02.200 Proving or Contesting a Will

(a) Notice. Within ten days of receiving a petition for probate of a Will, the Tribal Court shall issue notices that the petition has been filed. The notice shall state that anyone wishing to contest the Will shall have thirty (30) days from the date of the notice to file objections. The Tribal Court shall provide a notice to identified heirs and beneficiaries in writing by certified mail or some other form of service that provides for proof of delivery. In addition, the Petitioner shall provide notice to the public by publishing the notice for three consecutive weeks in a publication of general distribution on the Reservation.

(b) Uncontested Will. If, after thirty (30) days, no objections have been filed, the Court may consider the Will to be uncontested, and may proceed based on the petition and supporting documents or evidence.

(c) Contested Will. In order to contest a Will, an interested party must file an objection in writing setting forth the basis of the objections. Anyone objecting to a Will shall have the burden of proof. The Petitioner or any other interested party shall have twenty (20) days to file a reply to the objections. The Tribal Court shall take no further action with respect to the probate of the estate until a hearing has been held on any objections, such hearing to be held within thirty (30) days of the last pleadings filed.

(d) Order. Upon considering all relevant evidence concerning the Will, the Tribal Court shall enter an order which either affirms that the Will may be probated by the Court or rejects such Will and orders that the probate of the deceased's estate shall proceed as if the deceased had died without making a Will. An order affirming or rejecting a Will is a final order and may be appealed to Tribal Appellate Court before probate proceeds.

12.02.210 Executor of the Will

(a) When Executor is Named in Will. If the Tribal Court concludes the Will is valid, the Executor named in the Will shall be appointed to administer the estate according to the terms of this chapter and the deceased's Will.

(b) When No Executor is Named. If there is no Executor named, an Executor shall be appointed based upon the same procedure used to appoint Administrator in Section 12.02.130 above.

(c) Unwilling or Unable to Serve. If the appointed Executor is unwilling or unable to serve as Executor, then the Tribal Court shall appoint whomever all of the beneficiaries select and agree upon to act as Executor. Absent agreement, Tribal Court shall have discretion in making the appointment to give preference to the surviving spouse and then to a child of the deceased over eighteen (18) years of age. In the rare circumstance where there is no duly enrolled Tribal Member who is able to assume the responsibility of Executor, the Tribal Court may in its discretion name a qualified third party to serve as Executor.

(d) Oath. Upon his/her appointment, the person appointed Executor shall take an oath prepared by the Tribal Court to the effect that he/she will faithfully and honestly administer the estate. The oath may be taken in person at the Tribal Court or may be done in writing on a form prepared by the Tribal Court

12.02.220 Order of Appointment as Executor

(a) Order. Once the Executor takes the oath, the Tribal Court shall issue an Order of Appointment as Executor as proof of his/her appointment. Within seven (7) days, the Executor shall provide a copy of the order to the Tribal Clerk to be recorded either by delivering it in person or by certified mail.

(b) Record of Order. The Tribal Clerk shall record the Order of Appointment as Executor in the Tribal Recording Book, including a copy of the Order in the records. The Tribal Clerk shall note the Tribal Recording book number and page number on a copy of the Order and return it to the Executor for his/her records.

12.02.230 Executor Duties and Procedures

(a) Preliminary Expenses.

The Executor is required to pay for funeral expenses or any outstanding medical bills using the property of the estate, if available. The Executor is not required to pay any expenses out of pocket.

(b) Inventory.

(1) List of Assets. The Executor is required to take an inventory of all property and assets of the deceased. Assets may or may not include family heirlooms or items of sentimental value. This inventory is to be filed with Tribal Court within thirty (30) days after his/her appointment. The inventory should include an estimated value of all property and assets of the deceased. If an asset is of significant value, such as real property, an appraisal is recommended. The inventory should also indicate those items intended to be sold for the payment of debts or other estate requirements, if any. The Executor shall provide a copy of this inventory to all persons with a known interest in the estate at the same time it is filed with the Court.

(2) Objection to Inventory. Within thirty (30) days of the receipt of the inventory, any person with an interest in the estate may file an objection to the inventory or to the sale of any item in the inventory.

(3) Hearing and Court Review. If objections to the inventory are filed, the Tribal Court shall schedule a hearing to be held within thirty (30) days of date objections are filed. The Tribal Court shall notify all interested parties of the hearing. Upon consideration of the objections, the Tribal Court may order an amendment to the inventory or appraisal, or issue an order regarding the sale of property, as it deems just and proper to carry out the terms of the estate.

(1) Identification. The Executor is required to identify all creditors of the estate. To do so, the Executor shall search the deceased's records for bills, notices, loan papers, and other documentation that suggests the deceased may have outstanding debts. The Executor has the duty to contact all known creditors to determine amounts owed and the process for addressing bills and other debts. The Executor shall also publish a public notice within thirty (30) days of appointment stating that all other creditors must present their claims to the Executor and that only the claims presented may be considered for payment by the estate. The notice shall give the creditors thirty (30) days to respond and will clearly state the final date for claims to be presented. Unless there is a waiver or modification approved by the Court, the notice shall be posted on the Tribe's website, and published for three consecutive weeks in a publication of general distribution on the Reservation and if deemed necessary in the nearby towns of Massena and Malone.

(2) Documentation. For those debts identified by the Executor from the estate records, the Executor shall prepare a list of the amounts owed and any necessary forms or documentation needed to resolve the debts and close accounts. Any other claims submitted by a creditor shall state under oath that his claim is justly due, that to the extent payments were made by the deceased they have been credited, and that he/she knows of no offsets against the claim. If a creditor fails to present a claim within the time period allowed, the creditor may request that the Tribal Court in its discretion allow him/her to file the claim directly with the Tribal Court at the same as the Executor presents the creditors' claims under subsection (4) below. Such requests shall not be unreasonably denied.

(3) Executor Review. Once the Executor collects the creditors' claims, the Executor will review them and will notify the creditors as to whether they are accepted or rejected and explain the reasons for the decision. The Executor is required to make a decision and provide notice within thirty (30) days of presentation of the claim.

(4) Court Review.

(A) The Executor shall notify the Tribal Court as to whether any creditor claims have been presented.

(B) If there are claims, the Executor shall provide the Tribal Court with a list of claims with supporting documentation explaining whether the claim has been accepted or rejected. The Executor must present this information to the Court no later than forty-five (45) days after the creditor claim period has closed.

(C) Rejected creditors have ten (10) days to respond to the list filed with the Court. If after ten (10) days, no objections are filed, the Court may approve the list and the Executor may pay the approved claims. If a rejected creditor files an objection, the Tribal Court shall determine the validity of the claim and the objection, relying on the affidavit or personal testimony of the claimant. An order regarding a creditor's claim may be appealed. If an objection or appeal is filed, the Administrator may pay creditors only after the Tribal Court issues an order regarding the validity of the claims. At no time, shall the Tribal Court permit the sale of Tribal Land to satisfy an estate's debts except if the claimant can show that the deceased expected his/her land to be sold to satisfy the outstanding debt.

(5) Timing

In sum, the time frame for the Executor as set forth in this chapter is as follows:

(A) Inventory.

Within thirty (30) days after appointment, the Executor will present an estate inventory to the Court.
Objections to the inventory are to be filed with the court no later than thirty (30) days thereafter.
If objections are filed, the court must hold a hearing within thirty (30) days.

(B) Creditor's Claims.

Within thirty (30) days after appointment, the Executor must publish a public notice asking for creditors to bring forth their claims.
A Creditor will have thirty (30) days from the date of the last public notice to file a claim with the Administrator.
The Executor will have thirty (30) days from the filing of the claim to decide whether to recognize the creditor's claim.
If claims are filed or debts are identified, the Executor must file a list of claims with the Court within forty-five (45) days after the claim period closes.
Rejected creditors have ten (10) days to file with the Court documentation explaining why they should be paid.

(d) Insufficient Estate and Reduction of Shares.

(1) Priority. If there are not enough assets in the deceased's estate to make a full distribution of property under the Will, beneficiary shares shall be reduced, without any preference or priority as between real and personal property, as follows: (1) shares that may be inherited through the application of the rules for distribution without a Will are reduced first; (2) shares that may be inherited though the residual provision of a Will are reduced second, and (3) only then are specific devises under the Will reduced.

(2) Proportion. The reduction of the shares is in proportion to the amount of property each of the beneficiaries would have received if a full distribution of the property had been made in accordance with the terms of the Will.

(3) Specific Devise. If the estate is so insufficient that the subject of a specific devise is sold or used as part of estate administration, the remaining shares shall be adjusted to reflect the contribution of the specific devise.

(e) Distribution of Estate.

The Executor is responsible for distributing the estate once beneficiaries are identified and the creditors, if any, have been identified.

(1) Creditors. All verified claims of creditors allowed by the Tribal Court shall be paid before distribution of the estate to the heirs.

(2) Accounting. Before distributing the estate to the beneficiaries, the Executor must provide the Tribal Court with an accounting of the estate for approval. The accounting will show all disbursements made for expenses and creditors, and shall include receipts. The accounting will also show the computation of any attorney's and/or Executor's fees for which approval is sought. The accounting will set out the remaining estate to be distributed and contain a statement that the estate is ready to be distributed to the beneficiaries. The accounting may include a signed consent form from each beneficiary to the proposed distribution from the estate.

(3) Advances. When distributing property among the beneficiaries, any property that was advanced is valued at the time the beneficiary came into possession of the property.

(4) Executor Fee. If an Executor requests a fee, the Tribal Court shall establish the percentage for compensation on a case by case basis, but in no event shall the percentage be more than five (5%) percent of the total value of the gross estate

(f) Order Approving Distribution and Closing of Estate.

(1) Order of Distribution. When the Tribal Court is satisfied that an estate is ready to be distributed and the Executor has set out the plan for distribution in the accounting, the Tribal Court shall issue an order approving the distribution.

(2) Closing of Estate. Once the estate is distributed, the Executor shall file a statement with the Tribal Court stating that the estate is fully administered and ready to be closed and submit receipts showing that the estate is fully distributed. Upon receipt of this statement, the estate shall be closed, the Executor of the estate shall be dismissed, and if applicable, any bond shall be released.

(g) Reopening an Estate. If property is discovered after an estate has been closed, the estate may be reopened to dispose of the property. The Tribal Court shall order distribution of the property to the person or persons entitled thereto after issuing whatever orders are necessary to assure a just participation of the after-discovered property in the expenses of the estate.

Subchapter 5 Status of Non-Member or Non-Indian

12.02.240 Tribal Council Action

(a) Real Property. Non-members of the Tribe and non-Indians may not receive or hold a permanent right to possess an interest in Tribal Lands through a Will, trust instrument, or any other conveyance.

(b) Tribal Council Authority. If a Tribal Member dies, and the estate is admitted to probate, the Tribal Court shall not have jurisdiction over the question of whether a surviving non-Tribal Member spouse or child may be the beneficiary of a possessory interest held by the deceased. The Tribal Council retains the authority to grant a life estate to a surviving non-Tribal Member spouse or child at the request of a Tribal Member or the non-Tribal Member spouse or child in lieu of any inheritance of such tribal property from the deceased.

(c) Petition. In order to obtain the benefits of a life estate, a non-tribal member spouse, a non-member spouse on behalf of minor children, or a non-member child may petition for a life estate by completing a form designated by the Tribal Clerk's Office requesting that the Tribal Council approve a life estate. This form also shall be provided to the Tribal Court as part of the estate record. A copy of the death certificate shall accompany the request for a life estate. The petition should also include any statements of support from the family or community.

(d) Rights. The Tribal Council has no obligation to grant a life estate to a non-Tribal member. Subject to the terms of the Indian Civil Rights Act, the Tribal Council's decision shall be final for the Tribe and not subject to review by the Tribal Court. A life estate can be revoked at any time since the Tribe retains the right to exclude anyone from the Reservation.

(e) Interest Granted. By granting a life estate, the life estate beneficiary is entitled to the use and income from the deceased's interest in tribal property. Upon the death of the life estate beneficiary, the property shall transfer to the holder of the remainder of the estate interest or if, no other beneficiary exists, it shall revert to the Tribe.

Subchapter 6 Miscellaneous

12.02.250 Applicable Laws

Where the method of procedure is not outlined herein the Tribal Civil Procedures Act shall apply. If any provision herein conflicts with any other Tribal Law then this chapter shall govern unless its application would result in an unequitable decision.

12.02.260 Appeals

All final decisions of the Tribal Court regarding this chapter shall be appealable to the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe Appellate Court. No interlocutory appeals of this chapter shall be permitted except for appeals concerning Section 12.02.200(c).

12.02.270 Amendments

This chapter may be amended from time to time upon the approval of such amendments by the majority of Tribal Council.

12.02.280 Severability

12.02.290 Immunity Not Waived

The Tribal Council does not waive its immunity for any actions taken herein or other decisions it may have taken in the past regarding estates and/or assets contained in a decedent's estate.

12.02.300 Effective Date

This chapter shall become effective upon enactment.